Iran’s Misty Wonders Essay

In Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, both the movie and the book were able to portray the main idea of Marjane Satrapi â€Å"Marji’s† life. The main idea being for us to look at how Marji evolved into a grown women with struggles along the way. Throughout both we were able to clearly understand what a difficult childhood she lived and we were able to get a sense of what her life was like back then. Like in many cases, the book informed us of every detail possible in order to get a clearer message across. When it came to the movie, it lacked many details that were included in the book and if you would not have read the book it would cause you to be confused and lost. There are a couple scenes in the movie that seem to just happen, there was no type of development or leading actions involved. There was a specific scene in the movie where Marji and her mother walk past a conversation that her father and neighbors are having, the female neighbor seems to have some type of sca r in her cheek but we are not sure what it is and if it even matters. If we take a look at the book we see that the scene is different. Marji and her family briefly talk with their neighbors, a husband and wife, and the husband tells her father â€Å"Look! A bullet almost hit my wife’s cheek,† (44). This was a piece of information that could and should have been briefly added because it gives us a bigger picture of how dangerous their lives were during the revolution. This would only help us, the viewers, have a bigger reaction to the plot. Another example that comes to mind was the absence of certain characters. The family’s maid, Mehri, as well as Marji’s good friend, is never mentioned in the movie. This was an important factor because throughout an incident that is described in the book we are able to learn the big issues with social class and in the movie it is something that we miss out on since it is not mentioned at all. The incident was that Mehri falls in love with the neighbor’s son and once Marji’s father knows of this he tells Hossein, the neighbors son, that she is a maid therefore Hossein decided to stop seeing her. Marji’s Father explains to Marji, â€Å"You must understand that their love was impossible.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Becau se in this country you must stay within your own social class,† (37). Many of the characters are also lacked full description, for instance, Mohsen, and Anoosh. From the movie all we hear about Mohsen is that he is found drowned in a bath tub and it leaves many unanswered questions such as why did it happen and who was he. In the book we know that he visited the Satrapi family the same day that Siamak visits but that is never portrayed in the movie. When it comes to Anoosh, in the movie towards the end of the story he is telling Marji, she asks if he has any family, and ends the conversation. On the other hand, in the book he tells Marji â€Å"†¦I married and had two children, two girls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And we are also able to learn that his marriage did not turn out very well. Although, there were many details missing in the movie that were included in the book, I do not think that it takes away the intention of the book. A message is clearly stated throughout the movie as well as the book. In both resources we are able to see how the main character grows up and how her surroundings, and everything she has experienced, influence the person she became. In my personal opinion I feel as if the book was more appealing than the movie. The movie was short and brief and got to the main points of the story and was still able to get a message across. I feel as if the book was more detailed which made the plot clearer. Every character was described perfectly and every scene made sense and fell into place with the other scenes, so that they could all make sense. The details that are included in the book make the story bring more emotion to the reader for the fact that everything is explained, even the smallest details. The visual style for the movie was the same as the book, both were comics. The movie is all cartoons, which is something that I found interesting. I feel that making it into a cartoon was a smart decision because it makes it so simple and easy to follow. I enjoyed the fact that I was able to understand the movie very well, although it was in French, because many of the scenes were similar to the book. In the end, I think both the book and movie were enjoyable. What helped was that I had read the novel, before watching the movie. The lack of details and description of characters could have easily confused someone. On the bright side, a message was still able to get across through both sources.

Psychoanalytic, Jungian and Individual Psychology Theories Essay

The counseling roadmap for this learner essentially begins on an angle, with a number of major theories of degree. Some of the major counseling theories the learner will study, in this course, include: classical psychoanalysis, individual psychology, analytical theory, person-centered therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, existential therapy, solution focused therapy, behavior therapy, gestalt therapy, cognitive therapy, reality therapy, interpersonal approaches to psychotherapy, feminist therapy, and family systems therapy. The learner believes that there will be periods of time with clients, in which one theory will work more effectively than another, or even where eclectic combinations of two or more theories are most appropriate used. Because of times like these, the learner supposes, it is imperative she be well-versed in the foundational elements of a number of major counseling theories, in order to provide the greatest assistance to her future clients, regardless of if she finds herself currently aligned with only one or two of said theories. So, whether you turn out to be an eclectic or a single-theory proponent, knowing the major approaches to counseling and psychotherapy is essential. Even eclectics need to know the approaches from which they borrow. † (Murdock 2009) â€Å"According to Maddi (1996), theories are meant â€Å"to foster understanding of something hitherto not understood† (Murdock 2009). The learner is also of the opinion that counseling theories should elucidate and even forecast, to some degree, the client’s behavior in hopes of contributing to the therapeutic end. The learner accepts as true that utilizing one or more recognized counseling theories makes the forecast unambiguous and more open to assessment. The client’s hopes, goals, perceptions, actions, personality, individuality, creative opinion/s about oneself and his or her problems and attitudes towards treatment will contribute greatly to the theory or theories used. In order to utilize the client’s theory of change and to effectively guide the choice of technique or integration of various therapy models best, the learner must be cognizant of the client’s uniquely personal presentation, in theoretical terms. The client is actually the single, most potent contributor to outcome in psychotherapy – through the resources they bring into the therapy room and what influences their lives outside it. † (Andrews 2007) One of the primary reasons clients theoretically attend and seek out counseling is to reach a therapeutic goal, tangible result, or change that they were unable to accomplish on their own. â€Å"All of these theories attempt to explain the process of helping clients change; they all offer some sort of prescription for what one person, the therapist, can do to help the other person, the client, who has sought assistance. (Murdock 2009) As the learner finds the connection between learning theory and its’ application in professional practice, with regards to client therapy, theory must in time, take on a real human experience, a life of its’ own, so to speak. Counseling theory and professional practice should work for her as ideally complimentary partners, changing, growing and adapting, as needed, and over time. The learner recognizes the benefit and reality that one or more of the counseling theories she adopts will likely be amended or change at least once during her profession career. As her client base grows and changes and as she personally and professionally develops, so will her theoretical models, structures, assumptions and predictions. â€Å"Theory should be applied in a critical way, with the recognition that other approaches exist (and are apparently valid, too) and that theories contain biases that can be dangerous to clients. Also, starting with one good theory does not mean you will stay with that theory forever. † (Murdock 2009) For any counseling theory to be effectively applied, the learner believes, a positive alliance with one’s client is foundationally vital. In order to effectively utilize studied counseling theories and apply one or more of them successfully, the client must be on-board. â€Å"We now consider our clients’ worldview, their map of the territory, as the determining ‘theory’ for therapy (Duncan et al. , 1992), directing both the destination desired and the routes of restoration, and all but ensuring the experience of a positive alliance. (Duncan, Miller, Sparks 2007) The learner understands that an open and meaningful association with her clients is so essential for any counseling theory or theories she adopts to be effectively utilized, in professional counseling treatment. The learner is obliged, as a future counselor, to form a close and sincerely, authentic connection with her clients, through various measures such as active listening, evoking empathy, compassion, and conveying an almost absolute sense of acceptance of her clients; These measures are in essence crucial in creating a positive alliance with her clients. In summary, the learner has determined she must study quite a few major counseling theories to create her foundational map from which to work from. The learner will begin the application of the fundamentals of one or more of these theories and superlatively navigate her way on the roadmap towards a degree of diminished psychological symptoms in her future clients. â€Å"Good psychotherapy results in increased self-understanding and, ultimately, can produce changes in lives that increase happiness. †

Phloem and Principal Water-conducting Elements

Exercise 4 (Histology) 1. 1 Give at least three distinguishing features of these groups of cells. Apical meristems have the following features: (1) a â€Å"border† of cells; (2) they follow order or shape; and (3) some cells are darker (indicating that they undergo mitosis). 2. 1 Identify the tissue. The tissue is a vascular cambium. 4. 5 (? ) Is the epidermis uniseriate or multiseriate? In the cross section of a young root of Helianthus, the epidermis is uniseriate. 6. 1 What do you call the outgrowths of the epidermis? These are called trichomes. 6. 2 What is their function? They function mainly for support and protection of the leaf or stem which contains the epidermis. 6. 3 Classify the types of epidermal outgrowths in the above plants. bristle| scale| simple hair| glandular| branching| stellate| 7. 1 Draw and identify the tracheary elements. reticulate| annular| pitted| scalariform| helical| 8. 1 Differentiate the sieve tubes from the companion cells. The sieve tubes in the phloem are composed of long, narrow cells which lack a nucleus, ribosomes, and some other cellular components; they transport sugars and other organic nutrients. Companion cells have nuclei and ribosomes that also serve the sieve-tube cells but do not themselves take part in conduction. 8. 2 What are the principal water-conducting elements of the xylem? The two principal water-conducting elements of the xylem are the tracheids and the vessel elements. 9. (Table 4. 1) Specimen| Tissue| Cell Types| Characteristic(s)| Function(s)| Cassava pith| | | | | Tomato fruit pulp| | | | | Spanish flag petiole| | | | | Lotus peduncle| | | | | Celery petiole| | | | | Coleus petiole| | | | | Mung bean seed coat| | | | | Peanut pericarp| | | | | Pineapple leaf| | | | | Others| | | | |

There is an ongoing debate on the use of capital punishment. Discuss Essay

There is an ongoing debate on the use of capital punishment. Discuss the social, moral and historical aspects of this controversial topic - Essay Example The reason that capital punishment represents the social problem is due to the fact that it is both something that is potentially morally wrong and a reaction to crime that has statistically been proven to be ineffective in reducing criminal activity with regards to the specific crimes that incurred the death penalty. As a function of this two-pronged approach, the following analysis will seek to provide the reader with a more profound understanding with regards to the determinants of morality and efficacy that the death penalty ultimately portends. It is the hope of this author that such an analysis will be useful in seeking to understand some of the sociological changes with respect to the death penalty which had been instituted within the past several decades around the globe. Firstly, activists that oppose the death penalty promote the understanding that the death penalty is merely a form of empty retribution. What is meant by this is the fact that compelling statistics, compiled by a litany of different researchers, indicate that the death penalty is entirely ineffective with regards to deterring capital crime (Worthen et al., 2014). An analysis of states within the United States that employ the death penalty as compared to those that do not, do not exhibit a market differentiation between the overall level and numbers of these crimes committed. On the other hand, activists on the far right of the political spectrum oftentimes promote the belief that the death penalty is morally commanded and should be employed as a means of providing a degree of restitution and closure to the family members who have had others taken from them in such gruesome a manner (Asai & Maki, 2011). Although there is a degree of psychological evidence that closure can be achieved through the application of the death penalty, such a construct does not justify the taking of life; at least in the view of this author

Heaven and Hell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heaven and Hell - Essay Example Rick Rood in his article ‘The Truth about Heaven’ provides us with quotes from the Bible to enlighten us on some of the fundamental truths about what Heaven and Hell means to different people and how these teachings have impacted our lives. In the Hebrews it is said that ‘Heaven is the spiritual realm in which the glory of Gods presence is manifest, and in which dwell the angels of God, and all believers who have departed this world (Heb. 12:22-24). According to Isiah, ‘Heaven given in Scripture reveal a pervading sense of the holiness of God (Isa. 6; Rev. 4-5) Ezekiel too tells us that human words are not adequate enough to describe the beauty and glory of heaven. The apostle Paul’s description of heaven in (1 Cor. 2:9) compares heaven to "things which eye has not seen and ear has not heard, and which have not entered into the heart of man" (1 Cor. 2:9) Jesus refers to heaven as ‘Paradise’ when he addresses the thief who is about to die. "Today you shall be with me in Paradise" (Luke 23:43). Some of the most significant characteristics we may experience if we go to heaven are that we would be washed clean of all sin and undergo a great change in our spiritual nature, which in turn will help us to better our relationships with one another by removing the sins of jealousy, pride, envy, fear and shame. After God’s plan for us on this Earth ends, we would be endowed with the virtue of hope for much better things in the future. Hell, on the other hand, is for people who lead very evil lives and do not deserve God’s mercy and blessings and are faced with damnation. Dr. Towns, refers to the present day society with all its evils and temptations and says that the problem of sin cannot be tackled in the same way that was used in the ancient days. The present generation and the generations to come has to be dealt with in a different manner. He states that teachers have to be well trained in the Bible in order to be good communicators of the Church.

Stem Cells Cure Diseases Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stem Cells Cure Diseases - Research Paper Example It has been shown by the research conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in mice that Type I Diabetes can be cured by the use of embryonic stem cells, which produce sufficient quantities of pancreatic endocrine hormones and insulin. Such cells are also expected to provide a cure for diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s (Erwin, 2004, p. 211). In the usual course, diabetes cannot be cured by any medicine. Therefore, stem cell research has proved to be advantageous to diabetic patients, as well. Disorders of the blood and heart can be improved by the introduction of stem cells. A damaged heart can be rectified by injecting stem cells into its muscles. It is now feasible to isolate muscle cells without much difficulty. Thereafter, these cells can be grown in cultures and injected into the cardiac muscles. Moreover, Leukemia, thalassemia, and sickle cell disease respond positively to treatment with blood stem cells. These cells are extracted from the umbil ical cord at birth or from the blood marrow of the afflicted individual. These cells can also be procured from the umbilical cord of a sibling (Ritz, 2012, p. 6). As such, embryonic stem cell research is not immoral because it saves the life of many people from deadly diseases like heart complaints, leukemia, thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Furthermore, the loss of glial cells and neurons has been demonstrated to result in a number of common neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis. Patients with these disorders can be helped immensely, as glial cells and neurons can be generated from stem cells in culture. Several projects are now underway to develop transplantation therapies based on stem cells. In addition, stem cells...Thus, patients with Alzheimer’s disease have benefitted due to basal forebrain grafts of the fibroblasts that cause nerve growth factor. This opposes cholinergic neuronal death, stimulates cell function, and enhances memory (Lindvall & Kokaia, 2006, p. 1095). This is a miraculous innovation in the medical field. Thus, Alzheimer’s disease which has defied treatment stands to be cured by stem...

Discussion board 2 - Research Design Class Essay

Discussion board 2 - Research Design Class - Essay Example Such studies are also significant since they present near real life situations as opposed to case studies and experimental studies which may are always done under controlled conditions. An example of business-related research that might be better handled by longitudinal approaches are the buying patterns for grocery products among families in a specific town. This is because, such data will indicate changes in the in the buying patterns and behavior of those families and households over time. Another example of a longitudinal study is a research conducted to determine the suitability of a product in for a market over its lifetime in a market (product market research). This method of study in both cases is suitable since in the first case, measurement of data over time to determine trend is applicable. In the second example, the method is applicable it involves the establishment of temporal order. Posting 1 is correct in stating that longitudinal studies normally gather information on a population at a single point in time. The posting is however wrong to state that quantitative research can be performed more quickly than experimental and longitudinal design. This is because the later two designs are subsets of quantitative research. The US census is a longitudinal study in which case the posting is correct as it involves repetition in collection of the same (or similar) data over time. The example of changing product packaging as an experiment is correctly stated as two groups may be applied (views regarding the first packaging and the second packaging). An experimental study however would not provide answers as to why consumers would like one type of packaging and not the other as stated by the posting. In stating that â€Å"both methods are typically more expensive and time-consuming for a company than performing cross-sectional research†, posting 1 is wrong. This i s so since

Anthropology - Youth Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Anthropology - Youth Culture - Essay Example triarchy, marriage, educational systems and the like.†1 Because each individual is born as a subject of a particular form of ideology, believing he is acting on his own freely formed or freely recognized ideas, he inadvertently reinforces the practices and rituals of the ISAs.2 This circle of activity is called â€Å"interpellation† and demonstrates how â€Å"ideology is not a static set of ideas imposed upon the subordinate by the dominant classes, but rather a dynamic process constantly reproduced and reconstituted in practice.†3 However, in order to work, interpellation requires the individual to respond to the hail of a particular ideology, thereby becoming its subject and participating in its practices. Bad subjects of the realm who do not recognize, accept or maintain the dominant discourse are subjected to societal ridicule, obsequy or ostracism. When enough individuals are subjected to this type of ridicule, obsequy or ostracism, they begin to group togeth er, forming a subculture with a common voice of some sort. For one adolescent subculture, that voice emerged in the 1990s as a band called Green Day. To understand how Green Day helps to define an entire subculture, it is first necessary to understand what the subculture might be reacting against. From this point, an examination into where the band is different from and similar to other musical genres coupled with an analysis of the band’s message eventually reveals the types of individuals who feel connected through this music. Subcultures are groups that operate in some form of opposition to the greater culture. Louis Althusser suggested all aspects of society, regardless of class or political affiliation influence the various ideologies of a given time. In 1969, he wrote: â€Å"rather than a strict relationship between ideology and the economic base of society, where one class imposes its values on another, ideology is a dynamic set of practices in which all groups and classes participate.†4

The goal of an artist is to express his vision regardless of the Essay

The goal of an artist is to express his vision regardless of the publics reaction - Essay Example The first point that comes to mind is that the purpose of art is to give pleasure. At this juncture, a look in to ‘The nature of Art’ by Cothey will be useful. According to Cothey (21), a commonly used analogy is that ‘art is the food for the mind’. Now, one has to read the explanation provided by Tolstoy, the greatest artist of all times. In ‘What is Art?’, he says that ‘the satisfaction of our taste cannot serve as a basis for our definition of the merits of the food†¦. In the same way, beauty, or that which pleases us, can in no sense serve as a basis for the definition of art’. (Cothey, 21 ). Now, it becomes easy to have a clear idea about the purpose of art. It is evident that the quality of art cannot be measured by the extent to which it is pleasing to the general public. Instead, its nutritional value might lie somewhere else. To illustrate, the work â€Å"Loose Lips Sink Ships† by Peter Langenbach portrays forme r President Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky in a bathtub. It is an admitted fact that neither Clinton nor his admirers would be able to enjoy the art though the artist hugely succeeded in creating humor, having both aesthetic and nutritional value. At this juncture, it seems beneficial to incorporate the Aristotle view that tragedy can result in a catharsis of emotions. Now, if someone analyses the controversial art works of the past, one can identify the fact that each of them, though presented in the most erratic, insane and inhuman way, has a social reality to say, either presented in a direct way or indicating to the issue subtly. To illustrate, Renee Cox, in â€Å"Yo Mama’s Last Supper† presented a nude African-American portraying Jesus. Though many find this highly offensive, for the sake of argument, one can say that the artist wanted to show the attractiveness of the Church, the alluring nature of Jesus, and so on. In other words, the beauty of art really lies in the eyes of the beholder. One cannot forget how Leonardo da Vinci still creates confusion in the ‘Last Supper’ through the presence of Mary Magdalene and how Dan Brown wrote ‘The Da Vinci Code’. Now, it seems evident that the beauty of art lies in vivid imagination that knows no boundaries. Erecting barriers in the name of social norms, religion, culture and ethics can only kill the essence of art. In other words, had there been strict imposition of rules on art, many of the masterpieces of the history would not have been developed. They all had their birth because of the intellectual freedom enjoyed by the artists. As V. S. Ramachandran and William Hirstein observe, â€Å"all art is caricature† (Ramachandran and Hirstein, 18). Their study points towards the purpose of art, according Hindu view, as conveying ‘rasa’ or ‘essence’ (17). To achieve this purpose, the artists often amplify the features they observe. As an exam ple, the researchers point out how artists amplify the feminine features of a female while portraying a female, and how they overemphasize the masculine features of a male to convey ‘essence’. In addition, the researchers point out the fact that if the purpose of art is to merely present a reality directly, it could be more easily done using a camera (Ramachandran and Hirstein, 16). Thus, the essence of art lies in enhancing, transcending, and even distorting reality. Artists, throughout history, were well

How The Blood Diamond War Has Affected International Trade & Business Term Paper

How The Blood Diamond War Has Affected International Trade & Business - Term Paper Example t intervention in 2003 by the international diamond producers under the auspices of the United Nations, created several unforeseen negative externalities for African countries that have become dependent upon revenues from diamond production to support their domestic programs. The paper concludes that the Kimberley Accord process has not been effective in preventing the production and distribution of blood diamonds. In fact, it has spawned an entirely new illicit diamond distribution network through countries such as Lebanon, Guinea and Venezuela. The author posits that the civil wars funded through the sale of blood diamonds will continue in Africa. Conflict between rival factions has been a part of the continent’s culture for centuries. First it was ivory that was sold on the black markets of Europe and North Africa. Then wars over the gold deposits in South Africa killed thousands of innocent people. Today, the culprit is blood diamonds. Unfortunately, the political and economic realities of the region dictate that the future will mirror the activities and events of the past. The name â€Å"blood diamonds† is derived from the fact that these diamonds are mined and sold by rebel armies, terrorist groups and local warlords to fund their purchase of weapons. These insurgent groups then use the weapons to attack government forces or individuals loyal to the government. Blood diamond revenues (also called conflict diamonds) have grown significantly since the early 1990s. Examples of conflicts funded through this revenue source include wars in Sierra Leone, Angola, Cote d’Ivoire and Democratic Republic of Congo. The blood diamond trade and the human rights atrocities associated with it, received international attention through the 2006 film â€Å"Blood Diamond† starring Leonardo diCaprio. The movie created such a public outcry, that De Beers and The World Diamond Council were forced to respond with a public relations campaign that claimed that ninety-nine

Globalization and Cultural Diversity in International Business Essay

Globalization and Cultural Diversity in International Business Negotiations - Essay Example Overall, an analysis of the various dimensions of cultural clashes and contradictions will be acknowledged. After a definitional look at globalization and the extent to which its importance has grown in the world of business, its impact on multi-cultural negotiations will briefly be assessed. Whether the business world has managed to eradicate problems created by multi-cultural business activities and how it achieves these eradications will be evaluated through examination and an example interview. This dissertation focuses on the effect of cultural differences on business negotiations, and how businesses from different cultural backgrounds seek to bridge the gaps between their cultures during business negotiations. The paper explores exactly what is meant by the term ‘culture’ and how its different facets may be measured. Then, I review intercultural communication and cultural exchange; in addition, I talk about the impact of globalization on intercultural communication. Business negotiation is under discussion; I examine the impact of culture on international business negotiations and how to analyze a negotiation process. The main problems posed by cultural differences will be ascertained from the research and discussion, and how businesses overcome these differences will be examined through an example interview (German/Italian cultural differences). The interview will involve an analysis of the cultural differences between Germans and Italians, and how the inte rviewed businesses overcome the differences in order to participate in successful negotiations. There has been a great deal of recent discussion as to whether barriers between different cultures have diminished (Nordstrà ¶m, 1991).

Pluto Paper Essay Example for Free

Pluto Paper Essay Ever since grade school you were taught that our solar system has nine planets. Sadly that is no longer the case; in 2006 astronomers have decided that Pluto no longer qualifies as a planet. Pluto is now considered a â€Å"Dwarf Planet† and has caused a lot of controversy among astronomers. A dwarf planet is not even considered to be a planet, and there are projected to be hundreds of them in our galaxy. Pluto is being demoted to what amounts as a third class citizen in our galaxy. Thousands of textbooks will have to be revised and changed in our schools just because of this one change they made to our solar system. According to the new definition for a planet, a full-fledged planet is an object that orbits the sun and is large enough to have become round due to the force of its own gravity. In addition, a planet has to dominate the neighborhood around its orbit. The definition is flawed, relating to â€Å"clear the neighborhood†. Every 228 years Pluto crosses inside of the orbit of Neptune, so technically speaking, it does not clear its neighborhood. But that also means that Neptune does not clear its own neighborhood. Mars and Jupiter don’t clear their neighborhoods as they â€Å"interfere† with the Asteroids, and the Earth actually orbits the Sun with thousands of Asteroids. So the Earth doesn’t clear its own neighborhood either. So if we use the new definition, Pluto, Neptune, Jupiter, Mars, and the Earth, are not planets! Otherwise Pluto fits the definition for a planet; it is from a faulty definition that Pluto is no longer allowed to be a planet. Also, a body’s difficulty in clearing its orbit or the volume of space that it must clear increases dramatically its distance from the sun increases. Clearing is most difficult for Pluto, the furthest â€Å"planet† from the sun. Furthermore, why aren’t â€Å"Dwarf Planets† known as planets? Dwarf Stars are still stars, and Dwarf Galaxies are still galaxies. If it has the word â€Å"planet† in it why is it not a planet? One of the biggest problems with how Pluto got demoted from being a planet was the voting process. Although there are over 10,000 Astronomers in the International Astronomical Union, only 237 of them voted and approved this definition. Only 4% of the astronomer population voted, many of them felt they should have been able to vote electronically. Therefore, there was NOT a majority consensus of what a planet is. If people had to be at only one specific spot every time they voted for something I’m sure even our presidential votes would have changed because no one would want to vote. Hundreds of Astronomers around the world have signed petitions to ignore the new definition and still refer to Pluto as the ninth planet in our Solar System. They believe the definition of a planet is sloppy and needs to be drastically revised. If so many astronomers don’t agree with the decision, what gave them the right to change the definition and make Pluto no longer a planet? The demotion of Pluto is also going to hurt its research funding. No one wants to study it if it’s not important enough to be a planet. Discovered in 1930, Pluto orbits the Sun, has three moons, has an atmosphere, has weather, and even polar caps. It is not that much different than any of the other planets. It has been known as a planet for more than 75 years, and to change its status with a poor definition and process is bad science. Pluto has earned the right to be a planet; it has been for years and for a few men to say it’s not based on a bad definition is wrong. Pluto needs to be considered a planet again, who knows what they might try to change in our solar system next.

Irish Writing Nation And Imagination William Butler Yeats English Literature Essay

Irish Writing Nation And Imagination William Butler Yeats English Literature Essay Born William Butler Yeats in 1865, this poet can be regarded as the greatest poet of Irish Literature. As the child of protestant parents, Yeats was brought up in a time of political turmoil, during the rise of Charles Stuart Parnell, the civil war and the Irish Revival. Yeats began his literary livelihood early, at just aged twenty years, when his first work was published. It must be noted that Yeats was an unusual poet, as he defied any common expectations in relation to the climax in a poetic career; unlike many, Yeats career reached its heightened peak late in life, between the ages of 50 and 75. Perhaps due to this unusual aspect of Yeats history as a poet, his poetry evokes a changing nature. Yeats literature oscillates between the 19th and 20th centuries and thus, Yeats can be regarded, stylistically, as quite a unique poet. In the early years of Yeats poetry, he drew heavily upon Irish myth and folklore, while his later work dealt with much more contemporary issues. Yeats work shifts from the heavily ornamental, fantasy-driven early poems to the fascination with Irish myth and legend, which matured into the concerns of the Celtic Revival and the embrace of distinctly Irish culture. As an older but still unmarried man, he became more interested in contemporary social issues, though he never lost sight of the history which informed them. Late in life, his marriage revived his interest in mystical matters, accompanied by a burst in creative imagination, best exemplified by the gyres of A Vision and The Second Coming. (Website 2) Personally, Im someone who likes to resist the notion of dividing Yeats work into categories of early and late poetry. However, I acknowledge that many things have certainly influenced Yeats style and nature as a poet and as a result, upon the examination of the changing nature of his poetry, I find it necessary to do so. As a young poet in the 1880s, Yeats began to write in the romantic style. Such literary pieces followed the structure and conventions of romantic poetry, including rhyming schemes and metric patterns. His poems were lyrical, mystical and romantic in style, and he placed a key emphasis on love, loss and loneliness, and Irish myth and folklore. It could be suggested that his early poetry pieces were odes to the beautiful and mystical land of Ireland. It can be said that there are certain qualities of Yeats poetry which are significant to his early works. During an interview with James Flannery, Flannery expressed his love for the early poems of Yeats with their lyricism, their yearning for transcendence and their deployment of haunting imagery drawn from Celtic folklore as well as mythic and mystical sources and the sheer magic of the music in early Yeats:   the long, wavering breath-lines, the delicately syncopated rhythms, the lingering vowels and consonants, again directly carried over from Gaelic poetry and song.(Website 2) Published in 1893 in Yeats second book of poems The Rose, The Lake Isle of Innisfree is a prime example of this yearning for transcendence. This lyrical poem expresses Yeats desire to escape from the pavements gray and to elope to a small cabin built there. The poet is wistful and passionate as he yearns for escape to this idyllic location and through his use of imagery and tone he suggests this. The sheer music of the tranquil and peaceful hideaway is created by the hexameters which recreate the rhythmic pulse of the tide. (S. notes) The simple imagery of the quiet life the speaker longs to lead, as he enumerates each of its qualities, lulls the reader into his idyllic fantasy, until the penultimate line jolts the speaker-and the reader-back into the reality of his drab urban existence: While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey. (Spark notes) To Yeats, tradition is oral, the continuity of voice from generation to generation (Yeats, Denis Donoghue) Always in his work he sought to recreate the half-conversational quality which was another legacy of the Gaelic tradition in singing, the recitation of poetry and in daily speech.(Web 2) One can clearly see Yeats voice to the ordinary people in an ordinary language in Lake Isle of Innisfree. Yeats, himself, once said, Think like a wise man but communicate in the language of the people. (WB Yeats) The language elicits an almost conversational quality and by using phrases such as I will, I hear, and I stand, the poets explicit thoughts can be understood by the people, even if only the first layer of meaning is understood. Personally, I feel that this is one reason to why Yeats is regarded as one of the greatest Irish poets; his poems appeal to the ordinary. The Second Coming is one of Yeats later poetry works. It was written in 1919 and it deals with the contemporary issues associated with the aftermath of First World War. Yeats believed that art could serve a political function: poems could both critique and comment on political events, as well as educate and inform a population.(Web 1) The Second Coming subtly includes the idea of Irish nationalism. In this poem, a sense of cultural crisis and conflict seeps through, even though the poem is not explicitly about Ireland. By using images of chaos, disorder, and war, Yeats engaged in an understated commentary on the political situations in Ireland and abroad. Yeats active participation in Irish politics informed his poetry, and he used his work to further comment on the nationalist issues of his day. When compared to one of his earlier works, such as Lake Isle of Innisfree, even on the basis of topic, one can see that Yeats poetic career has evolved and flourished. A continuous use of such techniques of imagery and symbolism remain to be seen throughout Yeats work. However, the main development in his work can be said to be his development in theme and topic. This contemporary poem has many vivid images such as that of seas of blood and drowning, all in which reflect the aftershock effects of the war. Blood- dimmed tide and Ceremony of innocence is drowned. Yeats is picturing in this poem a society turned upside-down and headed toward self-destruction and chaos.(Website 1) In contrast to the romantic and lyrical poems of the early W.B. Yeats, through examination of the use of imagery only, this poem deals with a much more serious and universal issue; one of brutality and loss of life. A shape with lion body and the head of a man(The Second Coming) offers no sense of personification or love in which one could be drawn to, but instead one is repelled as one feels this creature coming closer to us, like death. This offers a contrast to Yeats early poetry as this is quite the opposite to that of a warming and lyrical poem. Unlike Lake Isle of Innisfree, the reader is not offered a sense of hope or escape; in this poem, a sense of doom lingers. As Yeats grew, as a poet and an individual, he acquired relationships with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, Irish National Theatre, Irish Literary Society, and indeed, Maud Gonne. Yeats evolved as a romantic poet and his focus was shifted from mythical odes to contemporary politics. This manifested a distinct political theme, as seen in The Second Coming, in Yeats poetry during this time in his writing career. It could certainly be said that the beautiful, Irish patriot and revolutionary Maud Gonne, was a key inspiration for Yeats early literary works. When Yeats met her for the first time in 1889, he fell in love with her immediately, but, unfortunately, she did not return his love. It could be suggested that because of his love for the politically active Maud Gonne, Yeats devoted his energy, in the early years of his career, to the Irish Revival and Irish Patriotism. Finally and most significantly, Yeats relationship with the changing nature of literature in the early twentieth century resulted in the development of Yeats as a modern writer. As a poet, he learned and incorporated modernist styles and conventions into his own poetry. Yeats was influenced by the modernist structure and form and their aggressive engagement with contemporary politics. Modernist poets challenged the previous literature traditions and they rejected the idea that poetry should be lyrical and admirable. Ultimately, modernist literature had a distinct influence on Yeats and his work and from examination of his poetry, his work from this period in his career can be described as edgier and more concise. A significant change overcame Yeats poetry as regards tone and style, but he never discarded the conventions of his earlier poetry. In conclusion, I think that a changing nature is evident in Yeats poetry, and I feel that this has made him become the highly admired and regarded poet that he is today. This unique aspect of Yeats poetry makes his literature interesting and enticing, and thus, Yeats is one of my favourite Irish writers. As I have explored in this essay, there are many possible reasons for this change in poetic nature but ultimately, in my opinion, life experience is truly the reason behind the metamorphosis of Yeats poetry. As with most of us, life became more and more complex for Yeats as he matured.   But the greater the obstacles he faced, and the more cruel and destructive the losses he suffered, so, in a miraculous way, grew Yeats imaginative power and his ability as a poet to give sublime expression to all that he experienced.   (Web 2)

Additional Staff To Handle The Increased Workload Management Essay

Additional Staff To Handle The Increased Workload Management Essay Given the importance of a skilful and knowledgeable workforce in a business organisation, hiring additional staff to handle the increased workload is not the only solution. It would be better if staff is more productive and efficient. This is because in this competitive world, training is becoming a major issue for most organisations. Thus, training enables the worker to produce better results by continuously increasing productivity and efficiency. The importance of training has long been recognized but the significance of training need analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programmes. Without an evaluation, business activities will go on but no value will be added in the level of performance. In most business enterprise, evaluation after training often falls on the low end of the priority list. Due to the increasing level of competition of service business and high demand of the customers, high quality is crucial to measure the level of satisfaction of the customers dealing with the State Bank of Mauritius. The objective of the study are to determine the area where there is need to increase the quality of service being offered in the organisation so as to increase customer satisfaction as well as competitivity on the market. This will be done by enhancing the training needs assessment in the organisation. And the study will attempt to make recommendations wherever possible to increase the training programmes so as the service offered would be more customer oriented. To undertake the survey an overview of the organisation is made. A background study is established with the review of the literature on the training, the training needs assessment and the customer service. The review is based on the literature found in books and internet sources. The questionnaire of this study was design to target 100 customers to be selected randomly, to get their views on the level of quality of service being offered the State Bank of Mauritius. The data will be collected from the questionnaires will be analysed in depth will support of relevant graphs. Ultimately, recommendations and suggestions will be provided to improve the findings on the field of study. Abstract 1 Table of content 2 Introduction 3 Management Problem 4 Background of study 5 Literature Review 6-11 Aims of the study 12 Objectives 12 Research Questions 12 Definition of terms 13-14 Nature of the study Research Design 15 Sample 16 Data Collection 17-18 Data Analysis 19 Validity Reliability 20 Ethical Considerations 20 Significance of the study 21 Conclusion 22 Bibliography 23-24 Appendices1: Draft Covering Letter 25 Appendices2: Draft Questionnaire 26-28 Table of Content Introduction Training has long been an issue for organizations. Time and expense are the main issues that consistently surface in training needs assessment. Specially, there is a great desire for banking organisation to obtain training to be able to give higher and better level of service to the consumer in this industry. A pivotal aspect of this desire was the goal of stronger communication, cooperation and collaboration between the communities, the business enterprise. Training was identified as an immediate problem to be addressed. Due to the local and global competition, training is becoming vital for organisation for delivering quality customer service. Therefore, training is said to be crucial both for the employer and the employee. Increase in knowledge and skills make the staff more productive in his workplace and thus will be considered as a valuable asset for the organisation. However, despite its importance, the evaluation phase is usually inconsistent or totally absent in many cases. This may be due to factors internal to the organisation or perhaps the main reason behind this is that the tasks of evaluation of the training needs are too complex. The training needs assessment is a critical activity for the training and development function. Whether you are a human resource generalist or a specialist, you should be adapting at performing a training needs assessment. It is important to have an overview of the training and development function and how the needs assessment fits into this process, followed by an in-depth look at the core concepts and steps involved in conducting a training needs assessment. The Training Needs Assessment that resulted is the subject of this research paper. Management Problem In spite that the fact that the labor force is highly qualified and that they receive a certain level of training, it has been noted that the training needs assessment still need to be improved at the State Bank of Mauritius. No concrete evaluation has been conducted after delivering the training to assess its real needs and effectiveness. It was recognised that the employees responsible to cater for the customer care were unable to provide high quality service to immediate and external customers even after some level of training has been delivered The decline in the number if customers are also due to several management issues which result in that fall in number of clients. The main reasons are the rise of other competitive banking organisations which are coming up with efficient marketing strategies which are making their strengths. These competitive banks are bringing innovation in the way they deal with their clients and the various facilities they give them. Even though, not all performance problems can be addressed by training and in some cases, non-training interventions are necessary. By identifying performance problems that can be improved by training, the assessment will allow the agencies to focus on the real training needs within their organizations. Henceforth, I feel that analysis of the outcome of the training is important that is training needs assessment need to be carried on to know whether the training is having a positive impact on the quality of service being delivered. This study attempted to assess the training needs of a State Bank of Mauritius. It is a banking organisation in Mauritius which I assumed to be facing a fall in the amount of clients as there is a failure in the efficiency of delivering customer service. Background of the study Training is concerned of all concerned of all categories of the workforce as well as the management, irrespective of their grades, gender and status in an enterprise. This is because there is a rise in globalisation, the level of competition is more intense and thus training is becoming an essential tool for the organisation in order to deliver quality customer service. Training is a useful means to increase the knowledge and skills of the labor force. An effective training session will increase the workers productivity in the organisation and make them become a valuable asset. Training has long been an issue for organizations that exist in the banking sector. Time and expense are the main issues that consistently surface in any training needs. And time and expense impact smaller agencies to a much greater degree than larger banks. A pivotal aspect of this desire was the goal of stronger communication, cooperation and collaboration between the community, and the State Bank of Mauritius. These could provide training and other opportunities for the enterprise. Training is identified as an immediate problem to be addressed in the banking system on the organisation as it has much to do in order to compete with the other banking firms. A more skilled and motivate workforce will help to tackle this problem and solve many other issues relating to low quality customer service. The Training Needs Assessment that resulted is the subject of this research paper. I feel that the analysis of the outcomes of the training will be essential indicator in the improvement being achieved. It is believed that training deficiencies exist with resultant employee performance problems within the state banks mainly among the customer service officer who need to deal with the customers directly, the impact they make on the organisation as a whole is significant. The problem is to determine if training deficiencies do exist and, if so, to identify the common training needs will improve the customer satisfaction as the customer service agents, the cashier and other members of the management will cater for their needs and wants. I believe that if the study deals with this problem it may help the organisation to find innovative and competitive solutions as the work force will be trained and they may work in coordination with the management to improve the current condition of the State Bank of Mauritius. Literature Review There has been considerable research and attention directed towards evaluating training needs, understanding the importance of training to reduce cost and be more profitable. However, limited research has been made towards the evaluation phase. The literature reviews will examine the research and the literature relating to the awareness of the current state of knowledge in training and to show the thesis relates to others work and findings. This will be performed in order to develop a good understanding and insight into relevant previous research, a review of the definitions of training, quality service, customer service, customer service training, training needs, and training needs assessment from various authors. At this stage, I will present a critical summary on training needs assessment definition and other key terms that I will be using in the research project. The information was collected in books, magazines and web sites. The explanation of these terms will help to make the research proposal to be more clear and specific. The Importance of Training The significance and value of training has long been recognized. Given todays business climate and the exponential growth in technology with its effect on the economy and society at large, the need for training is more pronounced than ever. Training, in the most simplistic definition, is an activity that changes peoples behaviour. Increased productivity is often said to be the most important reason for training. But it is only one of the benefits. Training is essential not only to increase productivity but also to motivate and inspire workers by letting them know how important their jobs are and giving them all the information they need to perform those jobs (Anonymous, 1998). McNamara (n.d.) lists the following as general benefits from employee training: increased job satisfaction and morale increased motivation increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods increased innovation in strategies and products reduced employee turnover This is only a partial listing of the many benefits that result from training. Training that is appropriate to the needs of an organization can add great value. Training is not always the answer to performance problems. Brandt Sakakeeny, training industry analyst for Solomon Smith Barney believes that training can be a great investment and training can be a waste of money (Rosner, 1999). Training is indeed a waste of money when the desired behaviour does not occur. Gupta acknowledges that not all performance problems can be addressed by training. In many cases, non-training interventions are necessary (Gupta 1999). The key is to identify what problems can be attributed to training deficiencies and, once that is accomplished, to insure that the right training is implemented. Bartram and Gibson, in their Training Needs Analysis Toolkit agree. Without the right training, employees can be the organizations biggest liability. Trained effectively, however, they can become your biggest asset (Bartram and Gibson, 2000). Rosner (1999) adds another ingredient for success support after training. He states, The most effective programs train workers in new behaviours and then train managers to support employees as they apply learning daily (Rosner, 1999, p.43). Support and endorsement from management can greatly enhance training results. One can conclude that training is not always the answer, and when it is the answer, it has to be the right training. Training is big business. In 1998, American companies spent $60 billion on training (Rosner, 1999). So, how does an organization train effectively so that the investment results in growth and success? To make training count, it must be matched directly to the needs of the organization and people in it. One tool that is used to accomplish this is the Training Needs Assessment. Training in Banking Sector Banking organisation is one of the fastest growing segments of our emerging bold new economy (Glasrud, 1999). The sector now employs more than eleven million employees in the private and public sector nations total workforce (Salamon, 1999). This growth is likely to continue as the demand for services provided by the sector continues to rise and the role of government in meeting individual needs continues to diminish (Boris and Steuerle, 1999). To be able to grow and serve the community, bank executives must realign their thinking about the economies of service deliveries and who shall deliver those services. In combination, the increasing presence of the banking sector and the shedding of the direct provision of services by government have served to create a growing demand for professionally trained banking administrators (Dolan, 2002). To summarize, quite simply our nations banks face continued growth to meet increased demand with lessening resources and increased needs for training. As anyone in the corporate training field knows, training often falls on the low end of the priority list. Thats especially true in the banking world. Another barrier to training is that some agencies have considerable turnover. They arent eager to spend their scarce resources training employees who may later leave (Frye, 2000). Technology has impacted everyone, but it has become an especially pressing issue for banks. According to Gordon (1998), the technology revolution has yet to make significant inroads in the banking sector. The banking sector is growing and all indicators suggest continued growth. Human and financial resources are being stretched to extreme limits. Training for the banking sector is problematic, especially in the area of technology training. The rapid rate of change in the technology field has some business enterprise behind. The gap will only increase if effective training programs are not implemented. Why a Training Needs Assessment? Some organizational and individual training needs are not as clearly defined as others. Even when training needs appear to be obvious, it is still necessary to choose appropriate methods that will meet them. Many training needs are not so obvious. A training needs assessment is one of the most basic and common forms of assessment used by HRD professionals in the workplace (Gupta, 1999). Needs assessments help determine when training is the answer and when it is not. Assessment insures that training programs have relevance to the people being trained. Gupta, in his book A Practical Guide to Needs Assessment, gives the following overview of the training needs assessment: A needs assessment provides the information that is usually necessary for designing training programs. The basic purpose of a training needs assessment is twofold: To identify the knowledge and skills that people must possess in order to perform effectively on the job, and To prescribe appropriate interventions that can close these gaps. There are two main reasons to conduct a training needs assessment: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It ensures that training programs are developed based on identified needs; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is relatively easy to implement (Gupta, 1999). Some performance problems can be addressed by training. Some problems training cant fix. Training isnt the answer to a problem when its used to cover up the symptoms (Rosner, 1999). A needs assessment avoids misdiagnosing a non-training problem as a training problem. A Review of Methods Commonly Used to Assess Training Needs Data gathering is the cornerstone of any needs-assessment project (Gupta, 1999). The fundamental premise of needs assessment is that in order to make effective decisions about current or future training needs, data must first be gathered (Gupta, 1999). There are many ways to collect data. Commonly used methods are interviews, focus groups, surveys and questionnaires, and observation. Other methods include the nominal group technique, action research, and Dacum (developing a curriculum). Most needs assessments employ one or several data-gathering techniques (Gupta, 1999). Interviews are one of the easiest tools for gathering information. Interviews can be conducted face-to-face or over the phone. The biggest benefit of one-to-one interviews is the human interaction that occurs (Gupta, 1999). Phone interviews are more effective when small pieces of information must be gathered. One-to-one and phone interviews can be conducted in either a structured or unstructured manner. Another advantage is that the interviewer can clarify answers when necessary and ask whether interviewees have additional questions at the end. Vicki S. Kaman (Allen, 1990) agrees. She lists the advantages of interviews as: (1) Employees can be encouraged to share their ideas; (2) Interviews provide process, as well as content information, and (3) Interviews provide two-way communication. Interviews also work quite well when the target group is small in number. Focus groups implement a group-interview method. People with similar experiences are brought together and asked their opinions and/or ideas about a specific subject. To be effective, focus groups require good facilitators (Gupta, 1999). Preparing and implementing surveys and questionnaires require several stages including preparing, designing, developing questions, writing instructions, writing cover letters and pilot testing, (Gupta, 1999). Observation is also a method that can be used to collect data during needs assessments. A problem that occurs when using observation is that people often alter their behaviour when someone is watching. To overcome this, techniques that are not obtrusive must be used. According to Gupta (1999), the main drawback to the training needs assessment approach is that it lacks the rigor of a strategic needs assessment, competency assessment, or job and task analysis. Results of Other Training Needs Assessments A review of the literature identified three recent assessments of the training needs of specific banking organizations. Highlights of (1) A banks needs survey; (2) Surveys of bank directors; and (3) An Educational Program Assessment. Conclusions A review of the literature has resulted in the following conclusions which are deemed the most important to consider as the research methodology is designed. Training is not always the answer to performance problems. Non-training interventions may also provide solutions to problems. A training need assessment will help determine when training is the answer. Time and is the most significant barriers to training for the workers. The banking sector will continue to grow. The problems of time will not disappear. Agencies must look to innovative ways to close the gap. Programs that require short amounts of time (half-day, one-day seminars, etc.) are the preference. (5) Face-to-face interviews are easy, yet effective in assessing training needs. They are time consuming, but the interaction that occurs can be extremely beneficial. The needs assessment is part of a university effort to reach out to the community. Face-to-face interviews should be carefully considered when determining the methodology of the research. Aims of the study The aim of the study is to know the importance of training needs assessment in an organisation and if it contributes to higher level of performance in all the aspect of the enterprise main in the quality of service being offered. Objective of the study Training it vital but to evaluate its impact on the organisation and the results in brings on the level of productivity is even more important. So, the main objective of this study is to: See if any training programme is being given. If these programmes are effective- what is the performance of the employees of the relevance training To know how the employees of State Bank view training. To assess the contribution of training of skills, knowledge, job performance and quality of service. To provide recommendation in areas where training need to be improved Research Questions The methods and procedure to be used for the collection of data to carry this study will include questionnaires, interviews and observation on the workplace. For the questionnaire I will need to consider its content, the question format, the order it will be placed, the types of question I will ask and the validity and reliability of the question in the study. It must be done in such a way that the respondents understand what is being asked. Then I will need to carry a pilot study with the front office manager so as to examine the first draft and to see if it contains any misunderstanding over the terms and questions. Example of the research questions: Is training important in State Bank of Mauritius? How training can help to improve public relations? How can training improve the quality of service in the bank? Are the Human Resource Manager committees to training of staff? What effect can training have in the organizational performance? Definition of Terms What is training? Training can be defined as the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving ones capability, capacity, and performance. According to Dale Yoder: Training is a means of preparing rank and file workers for promotion to supervisory position and for improving their competence and capability while they hold such leadership assignments. Human Resource at all levels needs frequent refresher training. According to Dale S. Beach: Training is the organized procedures by which people learn knowledge and skills for definite purpose.(Rao, 2003, 152) What is Quality? It is defined as A comprehensive customer-focused system that will improve the quality of products and services. It is a way of managing the organisation at all levels from the top management to the front line, to achieve customer satisfaction be involving all employees and continuously improving the work processes of the organisation.(Lewis, 1991) Quality is said to be the degree or standard of excellence. It is the whole of the attributes of products or service that meets requirements of the buyer, owner or the end user. What is customer service? According to Turban et al (2002), Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of satisfaction, that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the needs and wants of the customer which will make them be loyal to the organisation. Available on Wikipedia.org (Accessed 11 Sept 2012). Customer service is the provision of service at all the level of purchase and even after. It plays a vital role in the organisation ability to generate income and revenue. What is customer service training? Customer service training refers to teaching employees the knowledge, skills, and competencies require increasing customer satisfaction. Employees who are properly trained and who demonstrate professional customer service skills will be able to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. This will lead to customer retention, increase in profitability and reduce overheads. Investing in employees through training makes employees feel valued and improves their level of motivation. Consequently, when employees treat customers well by using proper customer service skills which consist of a good listening skills, and good questioning techniques can lead to higher level of productivity in the organisation. (http//en.wikipedia.org, 19 Sept 2012). What is Training Needs Assessment? Training Needs Assessment is the evaluation of the value and reliability of the importance of giving training to employees and to assess the effectiveness of the training programmes. It would be important to point out that there are three levels of needs assessment: organizational analysis, task analysis and individual analysis. Organizational analysis looks at the effectiveness of the organization and determines where training is needed and under what conditions it will be conducted. Task analysis provides data about a job or a group of jobs and the knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities needed to achieve optimum performance. (Pickard 1992) Nature of the Study Research Design For this study, the research will be both of quantitative and qualitative in nature. The point of view of the respondent on the field of study will be taken into consideration with the subjective components of the research. This data will be obtained from in depth interview to obtain comments of the respondent on the importance and effectiveness of training and training needs assessment. This can be done by pulling the views of a huge population together with the help of postal questionnaires or web based surveys containing many opened questions. The research can also be of quantitative nature as it will help to gain a deeper understanding through the study of the numerical data collected on whether training is accredited much importance in the organisation and the effectiveness it has on the quality service being offered to the customers. The survey research to be carried on to obtain quantitative data need to be structured questions and self completion questions that is close ended questions with can be easily be converted into tabular or graphical illustrations. This type of survey is said to be efficient as it allows collecting accurate data on the large number customers and their level of satisfactions. Sample With any survey, it is necessary to clearly define the target population, which Collis Hussey (2003:157), define as follows: A population is any precisely defined set of people or collection of items which is under consideration. The participants of this study will consist of 100 customers which will be the sample from the whole population, who deal with the State Bank of Mauritius on different intervals. The selected respondents will be chosen by randomly sampling method. The target population will be specifically chosen for the above in order to validate the practicality of the concepts as presented in the project. The risk of bias, which cannot statistically be eliminated and will be included in the interpretation of the data collected. Data Collection Collecting data is the crucial part of the research process in developing the research proposal. Data gathering is essential to a needs assessment. The data of the present study will be collected by questionnaires documentary analysis. Instrumentation The method chosen is to collect data for the assessment is the survey method, specifically, a questionnaire to be administered to the customer trading with the State Bank of Mauritius. The study is to be descriptive in nature, specifically, training needs assessment. The design of the study will include population, instrumentation and analysis of results. The Questionnaires (Appendix 2) Identical questionnaires will be used to assess the training needs of the staff. The open-ended questions required respondents to answer in their own words. This elicited in-depth responses, as opposed to limited responses. Questions were framed so that they could be answered easily. The number of questions was limited so that it could be completed in twenty minutes or so. Participation needs to be anonymous and voluntary. The time limit for returning the questionnaires was on the same day the customer receive it. Completed questionnaires need to be individually returned. The questionnaire will include a cover letter providing instructions for completing and returning the form and a Protection of Human Subjects Consent Form with no signature requirement. The fact that the questionnaire will be collected on the same day may represent a compromise on the distribution of the questionnaires and may be disappointing, without a doubt, impact the validity of this portion of the needs assessment as the respondent may be biased in their answer due to lack of time. It is to be noted that the will consist of about twenty questions, and answer is to be provided for suggestions to be made for the open ended questions(unstructured questions) And for the close ended questions (structured questions) three or five options will be provided and the responded has just to tick one of them. A variety of questions were asked, but the majority revolved around job duties, education, learning and performance concerning the staff in relation with the customers level of satisfaction. After getting the permission from the management to perform the study a pilot study will have to be undertaken so as to ensure that the questions matches the objective of the study and to ensure that the exact question s and right method are used to obtain the required information. The pilot study will be pre tested on a sample of 5 respondents to identify any problems, design errors, misunderstanding of terms used and flaws. Then, the necessary corrections will be made and clarification will be made to cater for the changes before the final questionnaire is completed. Question Design The question instrument will consist of 5 parts as follows; The first part will contain general background which will include gender, age, occupation, purpose of visits, and frequency of visits. The training information related to performance and satisfaction. To ask for customers suggestions about quality service and where training should be enhanced. Data Analysis After questionnaires will be collected, there will be the need to process the data and explore the how will training needs assessment contribute to the improvement of quality of customer care service at the State Bank of Mauritius. The frequencies and percentages will be used for calculating and analyzing

Migrants most important contribution to Australia, has been to the :: Economics

Migrants most important contribution to Australia, has been to the economy. Do you agree with this statement? Argue your case. Task: Write an essay addressing the following question: 'Migrants most important contribution to Australia, has been to the economy.' Do you agree with this statement? Argue your case. (5%) Migrants from all over the world have contributed to different parts of Australia since they began arriving here. I believe that the most important contribution has been to the economy, for a number of different reasons. In this essay, I am going to be looking at the English migrants and also at the Vietnamese migrants to see what contributions each group has made. Firstly, starting off with the English migrants, it is evident that since they came here on the First Fleet in 1788 they have boosted our population by a great deal, with 4000 people arriving in just the first five years. These people were not in fact migrants, but they were convicts sent here for crime such as theft, with people been sent here for small things such as stealing a handkerchief. These convicts began the population boost that Australia needed, and provoked people to come out here and start a new lifestyle. They were often described as 'economic refugees' as they were here to escape the poverty in their own country. So by the mid 1800's, Australia had a lot of migrants from overseas, especially England, who were increasing our economy by basically just being here, as it caused the general consumption of everything to go up and was therefore, costing our country money. In 1845, there was a massive mining boom in South Australia. Vast majorities of silver and lead were being found, which resulted in more people coming over here, and gave these people an opportunity to set themselves a lifestyle, as they could afford to build houses, find a job, and be able to look after themselves without having to fear poverty. When the Gold rushes began in 1851, more people ventured out here to try their luck at finding gold, and achieving a new lifestyle. In the 1860's the population increased yet again with another 44,000 people coming to Victoria, 22,000 to New South Wales, 49,000 to Queensland, and 15,000 to South Australia. When these people were added to the ones already here, we could see that the economy was increasing, and was consequently in a good position for the migrants to live in. In England, the migrants wanting to come out here were receiving support to help them, such as free passages to get here, or a cheap land offer once they arrived.

Sweet Diamond Dust :: essays research papers

Chapter IV focuses on the presence of the Americans in Puerto Rico during the early part of the twentieth century and their subsequent development of the sugarcane industry there. During this time, the United States military occupied Puerto Rico. Due to this occupation, the native islanders were affected in numerous ways and were looked down upon by the Americans. The Americans viewed the natives as incompetent and unable to be trusted. Many new American banks were popping up in Guamani that were reluctant to finance island run mills, but were giving money to the American run mills: "A number of powerful banks from the north had recently opened branches in Guamani†¦These banks, however, found no difficulty in financing the new sugar corporations that had recently arrived in town, but mistrusted island initiative" (26). The opening and inauguration of the Snow White Mills, "†¦the ultramodern refining complex the newcomers (Americans) had been building from months on the valley," (28) was of major significance in this chapter. Don Julio was strong-willed and vowed that he would not sell any of his land and "share the same fate" as the other local sugar mills. It was rumored that the Americans had declared a cessation of hostilities in the sugar mills war, and were now willing to aid the criollo hacienda workers. This was his opportunity to mingle and discuss his plans with the owners of Snow White Mills. When Don Julio arrived at the fair grounds, he made his way over to Mr. Durham and Mr. Irving, the president of the mills and the president of the sponsoring bank National City Bank, respectively. These two Americans saw the US victory as a major step towards modernizing for the US and for Puerto Rico: "’Twenty years ago it brought you freedom and order; this times it’s bringing you our nation’s progress. Thanks to that army out there your island is being inaugurated today in to the modern age," (32) said Mr. Durham speaking of the army that was present at the festivities. Don Julio was disturbed and offended by this comment. Mr. Irving said that the progress of the new century belongs to Americans and the progress of the past belongs to the Spanish. Yet again, showing how the Americans look down upon the native peoples. He then proposed his deal to the two Americans; he would sell them some of his cane fields, if they would lend him the money to ‘modernize’ his own mill.

Free Essays: The Vivid Imagery of Homers Odyssey :: Odyssey essays

The Vivid Imagery of Homer's Odyssey In the epic the Odyssey by Homer (translated by Robert Fitzgerald) one of the most descriptive and best written passages in the entire epic is "The Slaying of the Suitors" (book 23 lines1-62). This is a good passage for many reasons, one of these is that it is a part of the story that has been built up and anticipated by all. Another is the vivid imagery used by Homer. There is one more reason, this being the tone of the passage. The tone of this passage is very important to it and adds very much to it. One of the most talked of conflicts in the Odyssey is the suitors ravaging the possessions and house of Odysseus. They were able to do this because he was presumed dead and they didn't worry about him coming to protect his house and family. The impact of the passage in question is so important because it is when Odysseus returns to his home and kills the suitors. This is a large part of the final resolution, it al begins with this, for once the suitors are gone Odysseus is free to reclaim is post in society. It also gives the reader a great feeling of elation that the suitors who are terrorizing the house of Odysseus. A quote that really gives a good idea of the overall impact and resolution that this passage gives is as follows "You yellow dogs, you thought I'd never make it home from the land of Troy. You took my house to plunder, twisted my maids to serve your beds. You dared bid for my wife while I was still alive. Contempt was all you had for the gods who rule wide heaven, contempt for what men say of you hereafter. Your last hour has come. You die in blood." (page 410 lines 37-43). This quote gives a good impression of the closure that is given by this passage, included for this purpose, because it give Odysseus his revenge, the suitors will die in disgrace, Odysseus has finally returned to claim his place. The dominant impression created by this passage is summed up in the quote above, vengeance, elation at the deaths of the suitors and the felling that Odysseus is back and he's not

Non Medical Factors Influencing Csection Health And Social Care Essay

Cesarean delivery is the bringing of a babe through a surgical scratch in the female parents abdomen wall laparotomy and uterus wall hysterectomy. In some fortunes, a C-section is scheduled in progress. In others it ‘s done in response to an unanticipated complication. Initially, cesarian bringing was performed to salvage the foetus from a moribund patient. But over and over old ages, this operation later was developed into a surgical process to salvage both maternal and foetal from high complications.2.2 Concept of C-sectionThe C-section rate is increasing over a period of clip in developed states, every bit good as in developing states. It is besides increasing for all adult females of all ages, race/ethnic group, gestational age, SES group. For case in China the cesarian rate rose dramatically from 3.4 % in 1988 to 39.3 % in 2008 with the most dramatic addition among urban adult females ( Xu, Yan, & A ; Carine, 2012, p. 3/12 ) . In USA, this rate climbed from 5 % in 1960 to 31.8 % in 2007 ( Campbell, 2011 ) . In Mali, the rate addition from 1.6 % in 2005 to 2.9 in 2009. Furthermore in developed state the proportion of cesarian birth is 21.1 % on mean whereas in developing states is merely 2 % ( Betran et al, 2007 ) . This rate is rather under the international norm fixed ( 5 % – 15 % ) by WHO since 1985.2.3 Types of Cesarean deliveryCesarean delivery is made based on two types of scratch on the womb: low transversal scratch and perpendicular uterine scratch. However the way of scratch on the womb does non needfully fit with the scratch on the tegument ( up, down or side to side ) . The low transverse scratch is a horizontal cut across the lower portion of the womb. It is the one which is safer and more successful to travel through labour for holding a vaginal bringing in ulterior gestations. The perpendicular scratch on the womb is used for presenting preterm babes, abnormally positioned placentas, gestations with more than one foetus and in utmost exigencies.2.4 Medical factors ( indicant of caesarean delivery )Cesarean indicant can be classified into 3 groups: Maternal ; foetal or maternal-fetal. Tableau 2. Medical indicant for cesarian determinationMaternalFetalMaternal-fetalMedical status: specific cardiac disease ( Maran ‘s Syndrome, unstable coronary arteria disease ) ; specific respiratory disease ( GuillanBarre syndrome ) ; thrombopenia Conditionss associated with increased intracranial force per unit area Mechanical obstructor of the lower uterine section ( tumours, fibroids ) Mechanical vulvar obstructor ( condylomata ) Contracted pelvic girdle ( either congenital or acquired ) No reassuring fetal position Malpresentation: rear of barrel, cross prevarication, forehead or face/mentumposterior Cord prolapsed Maternal herpes or HIV Congenital anomalies/Vasa previa Failure to come on in labour: either collar to descent or collar to distend Cephalopelvic disproportion Placental breaking off Placenta previa/ placenta breaking off Conjoint twin Uterine rupture Elective caesarean delivery bringing The most common indicant for cesarian bringing in America is repeated cesarian ( 30 % ) , followed by dystocia or failure to advancement ( 30 % ) , malpresentation ( 11 % ) and non-reassuring fetal position ( 10 % ) ( Murphy, Sarah K. , et Jeffrey D. , 2012, p. 2 ) . In England, the most common indicant is besides repeated caesarean delivery ( 29 % ) followed by presumed foetal hurt ( 22 % ) , failure to advancement ( 20 % ) and breech birth ( 16 % ) ( caesaran subdivisions, October 2002, p. 2 ) . In Mali, the most common indicant is prolonged/obstructed labour or suspected cephalopelvic disproportion 40.4 % , followed by old cesarian subdivision 16.6 % , foetal hurt ( 16.1 % ) ( Valerie Brand et Al, 2012 ) . Based on the timing of C-section ( CS ) at the clip of determination devising, the cesarian indicants are grouped under one of those four classs. Tableau 2. Different classs of Cesarean deliveryCategory 1:Emergency CSCategory 2:Urgent CSCategory 3:Scheduled CesiumCategory 4:Elective CS– There is an immediate menace to the female parent or the foetus. Therefore the CS should be done within the following 30 min in order to salvage on clip both female parent and babe Breaking off, cord prolapsed, cicatrix rupture, scalp blood PH & lt ; 7.20, foetal hurt: drawn-out FHR slowing & lt ; 80 There is maternal or foetal complication but was non instantly life endangering. In that instance the bringing should be completed within 60-75 min Case with FHR abnormalcies are those of concern The female parent needs early bringing but there is no maternal or foetal via media. A concern of the continuance of gestation is likely to impact the female parent or foetus in the approaching hours or yearss. Iatrogenic preterm bringing where there is need to give a class of steroid for lung adulthood The bringing is timed to accommodate the female parent and staff. There are instances where there is an indicant for CS but there is no urgency. Placenta previa with no active hemorrhage, malpresentation, history of old cesareanaˆÂ ¦2.5 Non medical factors act uponing Cesarean delivery rateBeside medical factors, non-medical grounds can hold an impact on the likeliness of holding a Cesarean delivery every bit good. Among those factors, maternal features such as age, instruction, business, birth order, fiscal position ( salary/affordability to pay medical fees and wellness insurance ) , abode, figure of prenatal visits, wellness position can greatly act upon the Cesarean delivery rate. Some demographic factors, particularly the alteration in the features of the childbearing population can impact cesarian bringing. Ethical and economic grounds may besides hold some influence on the rate of surgical bringing.2.5.1 Maternal ageSeveral surveies show that old adult females ( over 35 ages ) are more likely to hold a high hazard of gestation complication and cesarian bringing. Other surveies found the same consequence in lower h azard adult females population. A important association was besides found between the hazard of holding C-section and advanced maternal age at the first gestation ( Herstad & A ; al, 2012 ) . In add-on, increasing age and para are reported to be associated with a high hazard of inauspicious gestation results and C-section rate. Dystocia, non-reassuring foetal status, preeclampsia, placenta previa, abruptio-placenta, malpresentation, prolonged labour and macrosomia were significantly higher in older female parents with high para. Another high association was found among advanced maternal age of adult females with old Cesarean delivery and increasing Cesarean delivery rate ( Hiasat, 2002 ) .2.5.2 Education of the female parentThe function of instruction degree dramas in the C-section rate is controversial. ( Gilbert, Alice, & A ; Haim A. , 2010 ) found in a survey that planned C-section was carried out more frequently among educated adult females than uneducated 1s. High instruction d egree influences besides positively the C-section rate of adult females with old C-section ( Khawaja, Tamar, & A ; Rozzet, 2000 ) .This important rate of C-section rate among the more educated adult females are chiefly due to either maternal pick for C-section ( posh to force factor ) or physicians behavior factors or the hold of maternity until older age for educated adult females. On the other manus, when all those factors are taken into consideration, some surveies show that the cesarean delivery rate is likely to be less among higher educated adult females because educated adult females are more cognizant about gestation complications and hazards. Therefore they are more preventative and care better about their wellness during the gestation. For case among adult females in the same age, the less educated 1s are really more likely to acquire a C-section ( Harrison, 2012 ) . Furthermore the instruction of the male parent does n't hold excessively much consequence as the female par ent instruction on the C-section rate.2.5.3 Occupation of the parentsOccupation of the female parent is greatly associated with the cesarian bringing. A Nigerian survey found that adult females with no business are more likely to hold a vaginal bringing than those with a high business ( Olusanya & A ; Olumuyiwa, 2009 ) . This might due to some grounds such as maternal pick to present by C-section, detaining maternity ( due to the deficiency of clip because of her work ) at an advanced age or unjust entree to maternal wellness attention. A survey in Puerto Rico found that a direct association with the male parent ‘s business and the rate of surgical bringing. Fathers with no business are associated with a lower rate of C-section rate ( Jose & A ; Vazquez-Calzada, 1997 ) . It is likely due to the same socio-economic grounds I will cite in this caption.2.5.4 Birth orderWhereas a elevation of C-section rate for the maternal age is evident for about all the live-birth order, live-birth order affects the rate of cesarian bringing independently of the maternal age. The hazard of cesarian bringing is greater among female parents holding their first kid no affairs the age, except for teenage female parents. Then this hazard falls down quickly with wining births. For case, a USA survey ( Taffel, 1994 ) found the cesarian rate declined as live-birth order rose to an agegreater or equal to 20 old ages old female parents for both black and white adult females. In add-on the highest cesarian rate for any age-birth order com bination were found among adult females between 35-39 old ages of age holding their first birth, followed by adult females 40-49 old ages. The lowest rate was for 20 twelvemonth old adult females holding a 4th or higher order birth and for adolescents holding their 2nd or 3rd kid. Marwan Khawaja et Al found the same consequence: a higher likeliness of C-section bringing among low order birth compared to high one is expected since the bringing complications are more common among primiparious adult females taking to a higher rate of C-section.2.5.5 Fiscal state of affairsIncome and SES group The cesarian rate is of import among people with a better fiscal state of affairs even thoughthelow income group has a higher obstetrical hazard. One Brazilian survey ( Hopkins & A ; Ernesto, 1998 ) found a higher Cesarean delivery rate among the high income group than the low one. Cesarean bringing is more common among people with high SES. This might due to the fact that low SES faces frequently to fiscal and geographic barriers to wellness attention entree. Ability and affordability to pay Several surveies found that Women or family with less fiscal ability and affordability to pay for wellness attention will hold high hazard gestation and higher Cesarean delivery rate ( Hopkins et Al, 1998 ) . Health insurance Cesarean rate is more common for insured adult females than uninsured ones.A survey in Brazil ( Cecatti, Helaine N, Anibal, & A ; Maria Jose , 2005. ) showed that the C-section rate varies tremendously harmonizing to the type of insurance. And he lowest rate is with insurance companies which contract with public installations. Another survey ( KASSAK, A. MOHAMMAD, & A ; ABDALLAH, 2000 ) found that cosmopolitan coverage by national wellness insurance had a greatest impact on the likeliness to increase C-section rate.2.5.6 Rural / Urban countriesMany articles highlight the importance of abode topographic point on the C-section rate.Mothers populating in urban countries have a higher chance to present by C-section, This might due to either a better entree to wellness attention in urban countries or the deficiency of appropriate equipments and skilled staff in rural countries. However it might besides reflect the overused of cesarian bringing in urban countries ( Yassin & A ; Ghanim A, 2 012 ) .2.5.7 Number of prenatal visitsThe antenatal attention is another cardinal factor act uponing the Cesarean delivery rate. The greater is its figure ( six or over ) , the higher is the likeliness to acquire C-section. This is due to the fact that higher gestation hazard is more likely to hold more prenatal visits. On the other manus, some surveies found a strong association between medical cognition of female parent and figure of prenatal visits ( Habib, Maysaloun, & A ; Selwa, 2011 ) .2.5.8 Health positionFleshiness An addition in C-section rate appears in analogue with increasing fleshiness rate due to the lifting likeliness of gestation complication ( diabetes and high blood pressure ) . Further, both maternal and fetus weight influence the caesarean delivery rate ( Hendrickson, 2012 ) . Pregnancy and bringing complication Pregnancy complication, when it is non treated earnestly can take to serious issues. So it is an of import factor impacting C-section determination. Some surveies show a important likeliness of acquiring cesarian birth for complicated gestations seeking wellness attention ( Choudhury ) . Chronic high blood pressure and uterine hemorrhage in Jose and all surveies were reported as the most common gestation medical hazard associated with surgical bringing. Others are diabetes and anaemia. However bringing complications taking to C-section are more considered as medical factors. They are more of import than gestation complication because they affect straight the normal bringing and increases extremely the Cesarean delivery likeliness. And the opportunity of holding a caesarean delivery is even more for those adult females with two or more bringing complication. Low/ high hazard factor Cesarean delivery rate is lower among adult females with unsophisticated gestations than complicated 1s. In add-on a healthy adult female is less likely to hold gestation complication and Cesarean delivery than the opposite ( Best patterns in the usage of cesaean subdivision in Nova Scotia, 2008 ) .2.5.9 Summary of non medical factorsOn the following page, there is a sum-up of all non medical factors with the mentions and the expected mark.WritersDatasYearMethodologyExpected markMaternal age Herstad et Al. Descriptive Longiditunal 2012 Log binomial reg Descriptive stat a†°? 35: + Mother Education Gilbert et Al Harrison et Al Retrosp cohort–2010 2012 Logit arrested development Statical theoretical account More: + Less: + Mother Occupation Olusanya et Al Jose et Al Cross sectional Retrospective 2009 1997 Logit arrested development Logit arrested development None: + Father: few Birth Order Taffel et Al Marwan et Al Cross sectional Cross sectional 1994 2003 Descriptive stat Logit arrested development BO iˆ? : – Idem Income and SES ability to pay Hopkins et Al Cross sectioal 1998 Logit arrested development High Selenium: + Health insurance Cecatti et Al Retrospective Case control 2005 Logit arrested development Insured: + Rural / Urban country Yassin et Al–2012–Urban: + Ant visit Habib et Al Cross sectional 2011 Descriptive statistic Nberiˆ? : + Health position Choudhury––Hazard iˆ? : + Tableau 2.3 Expected mark of non medical factors2.6 Human behaviour factors increasing Cesarean deliveryMedical human behaviour factorsSome medical accounts can explicate the rise of cesarian rate. First of wholly, there are big fluctuations among clinicians, infirmaries in the direction of the adult female labour which influence the caesarean delivery rate. Second, even though the proportion of aided rear of barrel babes bringing does non increase, some clinicians prefer to avoidthe hazard due to the complication of normal bringing and pattern an elected caesarean delivery for rear of barrel babes because they think it is safer. In add-on, the increasing usage of in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) has led to the lifting in the figure of multiple births and those babes are frequently delivered by CS. Finally, the development of new surgical technics, engineerings and medical attention has made C-section an progressively safe operation.Non-medical human behaviour factors2.6.2.1 Cultural a nd Organizational factorsIn some instances, the C-section determination is really needed to salvage the female parent and/or the babe. However this determination, in another state of affairs is circumstantially a balanced judgement taken between clinical squads and the female parent. So, the environment within the infirmary unit and his staff is managed has greatly an impact on C-section determination, taking to a wide fluctuation in the rate between infirmaries. Further, some surveies found that learning infirmaries tend to hold lower caesarean delivery rate than non learning wellness installations and private clinics ( K.M Kassak et al. , 2000 ) . On the other side, some ethical issues such as physicians ‘ duty non to do injury to patients and to obtain their consent prior any intervention, alternatively of merely to protect a patient ‘s public assistance can act upon the doctor pick.2.6.2.2 Maternal pickSome female parents, chiefly the educated and celebrated 1s prefe r to give birth by C-section because they are scared of enduring for the vaginal birth. So this rise of C-section rate can be attributed to adult females ‘s lifestyle pick. Because of this ground, C-sectionrate in private infirmaries is frequently higher than public infirmaries. Further, harmonizing to some surveies about â€Å" cesarian civilization of Brazil † , other grounds are found ( Giguere, 2007 ) : Due to modern and advanced, technological intercessions, adult females perceived C-section as safer and more comfy labour with better quality of wellness attention They want to avoid the hazard of perineal harm due to normal bringing that can impact adult females sexual map after childbearing. On the other side, the prevalence of maternal penchant vary widely harmonizing to the state context. A survey in Hong Kong ( Selina & A ; al, 2007 ) found a low prevalence of 16.7 % for the maternal pick and the chief ground was their sensed it safer for the baby.In another survey, Iran the rate was 22 % ( Alimohanmadian, Manak, Mahmoodi, & A ; Faterneh, 2007 ) .2.6.2.3 Profile of physicians preferring Cesarean deliveryIn general The increasing cesarian rate can besides be attributed to an undue doctor ‘s pick due to his fright to bear the hazard or fiscal inducement ( want to do more money ) . It can besides be due the patients demand. Furthermore, there are worldwide assorted clinicians sentiments about the petition of elected or exigency caesarean delivery. ( Mufti, MC Carthy A, & A ; Fisk N. M, 24 1996, p. 544 ) in a study, found out that 17 % of Obstetricians in London ( 31 % of female and 8 % of male ) prefer ekective caesarean delivery. Their pick wer chiefly based on the turning away of perineal harm from vaginal birth and the Rhode Island of hurt to the babe. Then 68 % choose cesarian bringing for cepalic presentation with an estimated weight greater than 4.5 Kg. Another similar survey ( Wagner, 2000, p. 1677 ) in USA, showed that 46,6 % accoucheurs prefer the Cesarean delivery with more males ( 56.5 % ) than females ( 32.6 % ) . And so 70 % delivered by C-sectio with an estimated weight greater than 4.6 Kg. However in ( McGurgan, Coulter-Smith, S. , & A ; O'Donovan, P.J. , 2001 ) survey, there are more females than males who chose eletcive caesarean delivery. Sing the matrimonial position, married clinicia ns do less exigency caesarean delivery than the non married 1s ( Turner, Young, Solomon, Ludlow, Benness, & A ; Phipps, 2008 ) . In add-on, clnicians request ( 21 % ) more cesrean bringing than accoucheuses ( 10 % ) and coloreectal sawboness urogynecologists are more lkely to bespeak C-section. Mali instance In Mali, the wellness forces in public installations are under salary based payment. The salary rate are based on the degree of preparation and the figure of old ages in service ( MCI, Octobre 2010 ) . Therefore doctors have no inducement to increase the C-section rate. In add-on when patients arrive at maternal wellness installations, they foremost contact are made with the accoucheuses and the medical pupils on responsibility. And so when it is a omplicated or particular instance which need the physician advice, they call him. Therefore the female parent petition for cesarea bringing to physicians are non observed in those public installations. The cesarian determination is merely taken by doctors based on medical grounds.